Human-pig embryo approved in UK

The "cybrid" or hybrid human-animal embryos are created in the laboratory by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplantation, using emptied eggs from animals and the nuclear and cellular DNA from humans.. We know that there are currently experiments on-going with the human embryos made using emptied cow eggs (more on the "ease" of making these embryos, here), and now the British have authorized the development of pig-human embryos.

The experimenters admit that the problem will be achieving embryos and embryonic stem cells that do not contain DNA left from the egg. Proving the purity and "human-ness" of the stem cells will be a complication that I do not believe they will be able to overcome, at least for transplantation into humans, except possibly in the case of severe, last-hope disease and trauma.

The ethical debates about xeno-transplants and treatments using living organs, cells and tissues from animals carry the risks of transmitting animal diseases that humans have no immunity for and the development of new strains of disease that cross species lines. Ethicists have predicted that at least the early patients will have to live their lives in isolation at the worst, and have life-long surveillance at the best. (more on the debate, here and here.)

However, the researchers will probably be able to develop other uses, such as the early warning chemical weapon detection systems that are being developed by our own military, using human embryonic stem cells.

Rather than humanitarian and medical hope, I believe that time will show us that the research is the result of pure greed, with each lab hoping to come up with a product that can be patented and sold. I'm disappointed that the courts and "ethics" bodies in the US and UK have allowed these patents of human organisms. The drive to "create" new human cells and artifacts using human DNA is the logical outcome.

Human-DNA-in-cow-egg embryo created in UK

Scientists in the UK report that they have created an embryo using the transfer of human nuclear DNA from an embryonic human cell into the oocyte of a cow that has had the nucleus removed. These embryos are the "hybrids" or "cybrids" that we've been discussing for the last few years.

From the Guardian:

Apparently these researchers have achieved some success - but by using the nucleus from a very early embryonic cell, which might be easier to reprogramme than an adult cell. At the moment it is impossible to assess the significance of this report until we know more details of what has been achieved ... the results have been repeated and, importantly, they have been reviewed by independent researchers in the usual way."

Josephine Quintavalle, of the pressure group Comment on Reproductive Ethics, said the research should not worry those opposed to hybrid embryos because the Newcastle work did not seem convincing. "The embryos didn't survive, they were created from embryonic stem cells rather than adult tissue, and there's a lot of question marks over the research."

But she added: "What it has done is wake up the public to this reality, that while parliament is getting in a tizz about this, while the whole country is up in arms discussing it, the HFEA is already issuing licences."

Supposedly, if the technique is perfected to allow the embryos to survive longer, these embryos will allow the study of the early embryo and production of embryonic stem cells in order to learn more about and find cures for diseases like diabetes and Parkinson's.

However, even if the embryos are disorganized and fail early, or if they are destroyed at day 5 or 6 or whenever, the ethical determination as to whether they are "human" or "bovine" has not been cleared up. We won't know what they are until several labs and several trials successfully create these embryos.

If the embryos appear to divide in an organized manner, producing human proteins and the differentiation necessary to create human embryonic stem cells, then they are essentially human embryos. This is a case of the old if it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, etc., logic.

Since the stated intention is to destroy the embryo, and we don't know whether they are human or not, those of us who find the killing of humans, even at the earliest stages will also hold that it is inherently unethical to even begin the process.

A discussion about the discussions about the announcement can be read at one of Nature.com's blogs, "The Great Beyond."

From the thread, "UK hybrid embryo: in perspective - April 02, 2008,"

New Scientist has attacked the group for announcing the achievement through the media rather than through a scientific publication. The Independent focuses on the ethical debate. Not many organisations outside the UK gave it any coverage at all, and those that did may have been under the impression that it was a world first, not mentioning previous achievements in the field (eg. Life Scientist, Australia).

UTexas: Modified virus fights stem cell cancer

Viral gene therapy (similar to techniques used in the stem cell breakthrough last week) has been used by University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center researchers in animal models and reported in the September 19, 2007 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. From MD Anderson:

Since 2004 scientists have found that brain tumors are driven by haywire stem cells that replicate themselves, differentiate into other types of cells, and bear protein markers like normal stem cells.

"Research has shown that these cancer stem cells are the origin of the tumor, that they resist the chemotherapy and radiation that we give to our patients, and that they drive the renewed growth of the tumor after surgery," Fueyo said. "So we decided to test Delta-24-RGD against glioma stem cells and tumors grown from them."

Researchers used a virus to infect the cells of aggressive tumors of the cells that support brain cells, glioblastoma multiforme. Gliomablastomas are 60% of brain cancers and patients have a survival rate as short as 2 to 3 months, with less than 10%-25% survival after 2 years even with current aggressive therapy. The virus is modified so that it is "selective" for cancer: it only infects the cancer tumors and cannot infect others.

The team first developed mice with transplanted human brain cells derived from stem cells found in four samples of glioblastoma multiforme. The researchers then developed a customized virus, Delta-24-RGD, to fight the cancer. According to a 2003 MD Anderson press release on the trials, the virus infection inserts copies of a certain gene, retinoblastoma protein (Rb), that acts as a "brake" on the cell duplication system of the cell. In order to make the therapy more efficient and safer, the virus also insert a gene to for a cell surface receptor, a sort of "docking" area on the outside of the cell.

The cell surface receptor for viruses is one of the ways that we are studying to fight both cancers (see this free article from this month's JNCI) and viral infections, themselves. The goal is vaccinations to affect genetic causes of cancer (as in these two reports) or to prevent viruses from binding to the cells and infecting them in the first place.

The Veto vs. the Big Picture

Yesterday, the President vetoed a Bill that would have "enhanced" some human embryos right out of life, while pledging to save more lives, now.

According to the White House Press Release reporting on President Bush's speech, he was joined by Dr. William Hurlbut and Dr. Don Landry. Both of these men are proponents of alternative means to harvest cells that could be as "plastic" as embyronic stem cells - in fact could be embryonic stem cells - without destroying or harming embryonic humans.

The President got his priorities right as well as his science.

Congress has sent me a bill that would overturn this policy. If this legislation became law, it would compel American taxpayers -- for the first time in our history -- to support the deliberate destruction of human embryos. I made it clear to Congress and to the American people that I will not allow our nation to cross this moral line. Last year, Congress passed a similar bill -- I kept my promise by vetoing it. And today I'm keeping my word again: I am vetoing the bill that Congress has sent. (Applause.)

Destroying human life in the hopes of saving human life is not ethical -- and it is not the only option before us.

First, he states that no matter how "useful" the harvest of human embryos, it is not ethical and he will not support the purposeful destruction of some non-threatening humans for the benefit of others.

We call these humans "innocent,"but this is one of the words that will be attacked when the opposition reports on the story. When you hear or read about someone ridiculing the notion that the President is protecting "innocent" embryos, you could ask them how any embryo ever harmed them enough to deserve to die.

It might also be useful to remember that there was protest in the '70's over the institution of in vitro fertilization and the creation of human embryos out side of the body. We were promised that these youngest members of our family would only be loved, wanted and implanted, never used as experimental fodder.

Well, that promise lasted about as long as the promise to use only "left over" embryos, a promise broken at Universities around the US, at least very remotely supported by our taxes and society.

This week, we've seen an increased push for that Country's regulatory board to allow human-animal hybrid embryos, using human DNA and animal eggs. We've heard about one researcher's cloning of Primates using rhesus monkey skin cells in order to successfully create embryos, and then to destroy and harvest two lines of embryonic stem cells. (Note, everyone's calling it "cloning," although watch the way the topic is quickly moved to "blastocyst" from embryo.) There'll be quite a bit of hype about how this will advance human cloning. There's even a new report that indicates that 60% of IVF parents would donate their embryonic children to research if they knew the embryos would be used to harvest stem cells.

Please watch the language and the route of the discussion. We'll hear about the "waste" of embryos that are left over, but no suggestions that we make fewer embryos. Instead, immediately following, there'll be a plea for funding to create more, specific embryos in order to study disease. Disease which is not seen at the embryonic stage of life, by the way. we'll hear about the "necessity" for "patient specific stem cells," using "SCNT" (yes, it's cloning, see the articles on the cloned rhesus monkeys) to create new blastocysts and new cell lines to match each patient and each disease. You'll probably read the new term, "blastocystic" or "blastocyst" stem cells, being touted by at least one author.

Men have always killed each other and they probably always will. There's just no need to hand them US Federal tax dollars for doing so.

Animal Farm: Trojan Pigs and Devolution of Standards

Correction, here: Another blogger The same poster that found it necessary to rant that Fox and CBS wouldn't advertise condoms on the Bioethics.net Blog also posted on the Women's Bioethics Blog. Blog.bioethics.net has been "down" since I posted yesterday - Coincidence? (Update June 21 - they still haven't posted my post.)

There's a link to the commercial, which I have to admit, has some humor to it.

So many puns, so little time.

Trojan could have appropriately used horses, but chose pigs to represent men. Perhaps -if I can use Alexandra's word - it's due to the devolution that produced the same low standards that makes them think a men's room condom dispenser could change a woman's mind about having sex with a pig. Yeah, when "pigs fly."

Alexandra comments on the hypocrisy of TV networks that would deny anyone "sexual pleasure with a condom."

Come on! As the commercial shows, the vending machine is in the bathroom at the club. With product placement like that (for the condoms as well as the men and women) what difference is a commercial going to make to the rate of "unintended teen pregnancy"?

I know, I know. There's actual bioethics news out there. Wesley Smith has posted on ACT's claim to have finally done the experiment they said they did, before. There's Ian Wilmut's plea for human-animal hybrids, not to mention his being named "feature editor" for the new website, "Nature Reports Stem Cells." And there's even "Skinny Water."

Can't resist ending with a line from one of my favorite pigs: "That's all folks!"

"Sheeple"

Scientists have reportedly engineered sheep with organs consisting of up to 15% human cells. A human's bone marrow stem cells are implanted in a developing sheep ( a fetal lamb), which then develops with the chimeric organs, such as livers, kidneys, etc.

The goal is to make multiple sheeple (I'm adapting this term from a derogatory slang comment for those people who will believe anything) for each patient, for back-ups in case organ donors are ever needed.

The concern with this research has always been the risk of inter-species viral infections that, like HIV and bird flu (actually every flu that we've had) will cross species to endanger the lives of many more humans than just the ones that receive the organ transplants.

There's a huge "yuck factor," here.

Cow-Monkey blastocyst research

The truth about the goal of researchers seeking to make chimeras and clones is in the news, today. (A big "yuk" factor, here.)

I'm convinced that the future is in stimulating and recruiting the patient's own stem cells and regenerative potential, in site, where and when it's needed.

Animal research is acceptable, but once they start manipulating human DNA, we're dealing with humans until proven differently.

The (South) Korean Times reports on work in the lab of Koo Deog-bon:

The team, headed by Koo Deog-bon at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, said Friday they had established a monkey blastocyst, the source of stem cells, last month via interspecies nuclear transfer.

``We started the task of infusing monkey somatic cells into cow ova, from which the nuclei had been removed, last November. After hundreds of failures, we made a blastocyst in January,'' Koo said.

``It failed to thrive. But we became sure of the potential of interspecies research _ creating a blastocyst and extracting stem cell batches from it,'' the 41-year-old senior researcher said.

A blastocyst is an embryonic form at a stage where it consists of 128 cells. With its inner cells still undifferentiated, the blastocyst is the most important source of embryonic stem cells.

Scientists have made monkey blastocysts through intra-species nuclear transfer _ implanting monkey somatic cells into enucleated monkey ova. But this is the first time that a blastocyst has been established while using non-monkey ova.

``We will generate more monkey blastocysts to achieve our goals of culturing stem cell lines with them earlier than our competitors,'' said Koo at the state-backed institute.

Developing cloned non-human primate stem cells is significant in speeding up futuristic therapy by evaluating the pre-clinical safety and immune-tolerance of stem cell transplantation.

``If we are successful, we will be able to apply the technologies to humans _ making stem cells with animal ova _ if society allows such an idea,'' Koo said.

As Koo pointed out, the interspecies experiments can in part solve some of the ethical debates surrounding the making of cloned human embryonic stem cells because they don't use human eggs.